Witchcraft
Sometimes witchcraft is used to refer, broadly, to the
practice of magick, and has a connotation similar to
shamanism for some people. Depending on the values of the
community, witchcraft in this sense may be regarded with
varying degrees of respect or suspicion, or with
ambivalence, being neither intrinsically good nor evil.
Members of some religions have applied the term witchcraft
in a pejorative sense to refer to all magickal or ritual
practices other than those sanctioned by their own
doctrines - although this has become less common, at least
in the Western world. According to some religious
doctrines, all forms of magick are labelled witchcraft, and
are either proscribed or treated as superstitious. Such
religions consider their own ritual practices to be not at
all magickal, but rather simply variations of prayer.
"Witchcraft" is also used to refer, narrowly, to the
practice of magick in an exclusively inimical sense. If the
community accepts magickal practice in general, then there
is typically a clear separation between witches (in this
sense) and the terms used to describe legitimate
practitioners. This use of the term is most often found in
accusations against individuals who are suspected of
causing harm in the community by way of supernatural means.
Belief in witches of this sort has been common among most
of the indigenous populations of the world, including
Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas. On occasion such
accusations have led to witch hunts.
Under the monotheistic religions of the Levant (primarily
Christianity, and Islam), witchcraft came to be associated
with heresy, rising to a fever pitch among the Catholics,
Protestants, and secular leadership of the European Late
Medieval/Early Modern period. Throughout this time, the
concept of witchcraft came increasingly to be interpreted
as a form of Devil worship. Accusations of witchcraft were
frequently combined with other charges of heresy against
such groups as the Cathars and Waldensians.
In the modern Western world, witchcraft accusations have
often accompanied the Satanic Ritual Abuse hysteria. Such
accusations are a counterpart to blood libel of various
kinds, which may be found throughout history across the
globe.
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